Primary Causes of Dark Circles & How to Treat Them

Table of Contents

Causes of dark circles are often misunderstood, and it’s a widespread problem affecting the population of India. The persistence of these under-eye shadows creates the impression of continual exhaustion, making you look tired, older, and less vibrant. People commonly attribute dark circles entirely to lack of sleep. Despite this, many other elements come into play. The reasons for dark circles include genetic factors along with personal habits and medical conditions. Discovering the specific cause of your dark circles under your eyes should take precedence in your journey toward a successful treatment strategy.

This complete guide reviews every potential cause of dark circles through evidence-based analysis. Also provide a comprehensive dark circles treatment plan that includes professional guidance in addition to practical home remedies for dark circles.

What Are Dark Circles?

One of the first steps in addressing an issue is to have an understanding of its basic nature. The first thing to remember is that dark circles under the eyes are not a medical condition; they are simply considered a cosmetic problem and are usually referred to as “periorbital discoloration” (the skin surrounding the eye).

The discolorations can have a different kind of appearance, and they can be made up of shadowy discoloring, blue tints, or brown spots. In most cases, there are three biological mechanisms that work together to produce the appearance of dark circles around the eyes.

Mechanisms Behind Dark Circles

Periorbital skin, which is the skin directly beneath your eyes, is the thinnest skin on your entire body. Periorbital skin is usually less than 1 millimetre thick. This thinning of the periorbital skin is the reason the underlying structures are visible. The appearance of dark circles under the eyes is due to one or more of the following reasons:

Vascular Dark Circles (Visible Blood Vessels): This process is related to blood vessels. The skin in the area surrounding the eyes (periorbital) is extremely thin, as mentioned earlier, which means that it does not do a good job of hiding the complicated network of capillaries. When the blood vessels dilate or become more visible (from various causes) and as a result, show more blood, this deoxygenated blood becomes visible through the thinned-out skin.

Deoxygenated blood is bluish purple in color; thus, when it is visible through the thinned out skin under the eyes, it creates discoloration. Dark circles under the eyes will be even more pronounced in the morning due to increased blood pooling overnight.

Hyperpigmentation (pigmented dark circles): The pigment that gives color to your skin is called melanin. If it is produced in excess, it leads to a condition known as periorbital hyperpigmentation. This overproduction of melanin in the skin under the eyes results in brown or black dark circles.

It is common in most prevalent people who have darker skin tones (Indians, Mediterraneans, and Africans). The triggers for the above pigmentation include excessive exposure to sunlight, genetic predisposition, and repeated inflammation (from rubbing or other skin disorders).

Structural Dark Circles (Appearing as Shadows): Many individuals develop hollowness underneath their eyes over time from age-related deterioration in bone structure. This is referred to as a tear trough, where the loss of volume has resulted in dark circles that cast a shadow under the eye.

The cause of dark circles can vary depending on the person. The color of the dark circles (blue, purple, brown, or black) can often provide clues as to the reason they were formed.

12 Root Causes of Dark Circles Under Your Eyes

Let’s break down the major causes of dark circles systematically. We have classified the causes into 3 categories for clarity: controllable lifestyle factors, physical characteristics without much control, and underlying medical conditions.

Category 1: Lifestyle & Environmental Factors (Controllable Causes)

1. Lack of Sleep & Fatigue

This is often described as the most common reason for having dark circles. Although it is not the only reason, it is a significant factor. When people don’t get enough sleep, their skin often appears pale due to fatigue. If your skin is very pale, the blood vessels that are under it will be much darker than your skin. Additionally, lying flat for long periods of time can cause fluid to build up under your eyes, creating additional puffiness. This additional puffiness around your eyes may also create shadows, causing dark circles to appear worse.

Quick Tip: Try to get 7-9 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night. You may also want to try using an additional pillow to elevate your head while sleeping to prevent fluid from accumulating around your eyes.

2. Dehydration

Not getting enough water can cause the skin underneath your eyes to become dry and shriveled, resulting in dark circles. When your body is dehydrated, the cells of your skin lose volume and plumpness. This “hollow” skin under the eyes casts shadows that contribute significantly to dark circles under your eyes. Dehydration is an easy cause of dark circles that people often forget about.

Quick Tip: Aim for 8-10 cups of water each day. Eat foods that are high in water content, such as cucumbers, watermelon, and oranges.

3. Excessive Sun Exposure

Unprotected sun exposure results in the greatest degree of dark circles, particularly brown or black circles, because of the elevated levels of melanin. When the skin is exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun, hyperpigmentation, the darkening of the skin, is caused as the result of increased levels of melanin. This is especially true for Indian skin, which has a greater sensitivity to sun-induced pigmentation.

Quick Tip: Always put sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher around your eyes regardless of cloudy or sunny days. Wearing UV-blocking sunglasses may also help protect this sensitive area.

4. Eye Strain from Screens

Excessive digital screen time is a major trigger for dark circles in today’s world. When you stare into a computer, tablet or your smartphone for long periods of time, you will put a great deal of pressure on the muscles around your eyes. That pressure will create increased dilation of the blood vessels and therefore appear darker or more visible.

Quick Tip: To help reduce digital eye strain, utilize the 20-20-20 rule which suggests after every 20 minutes of screen usage, look at something that is 20 feet away for 20 seconds.

5. Smoking & Alcohol Consumption

Both smoking and excessive drinking have a negative effect on skin and can cause dark circles to become prominent. Smoking quickly breaks the collagen and elastin (responsible for the firmness of skin). It also constricts the blood vessels, which can hinder blood circulation. Alcohol reduces the moisture in your skin and can make your skin become more puffy, thereby making your dark circles more noticeable.

Quick Tip: To achieve healthy skin, limit your alcohol consumption and seek help for quitting smoking. You will greatly see the signs of healthier skin.

Category 2: Physical & Genetic Factor Causes

6. Genetics & Heredity

Genetics are often blamed for dark circles, since some people have inherited genes that make their skin under their eyes thin or more likely to develop dark pigmentation. If one or both of your parents or other relatives have dark circles, chances are pretty good that you will too. The term frequently used for this is “hereditary dark circles” and treating them can be difficult.

Quick Tip: While you can’t change your genes, you can help lessen the look of dark circles by using targeted skincare products or cosmetics.

7. Aging

The natural aging process is a cause of dark circles that can’t be ignored. As we get older, we naturally lose collagen and fat in our skin. The subcutaneous fat that used to fill out the area under our eyes begins to go away and can shift downward. As a result, the skin becomes thinner and more see-through, which can create hollows (or tear troughs) which, in turn, produce shadows. This is a big part of why older people tend to have dark circles.

Quick Tip: If you’re concerned about the appearance of dark circles due to age or genetics, include a retinol-based skin care product in your regimen to promote new collagen growth. You might also want to consider dermal fillers to help fill in the hollows if they are severe.

8. Your Skin Tone

Darker skinned people have an increased risk for having periorbital hyperpigmentation compared to lighter skinned individuals. The reason for this is that the melanocytes (the cells that produce melanin) in darker skinned individuals are much more active than they are in lighter skinned individuals.

Quick Tip: To assist with hyperpigmentation issues, try to incorporate skincare products that are rich in vitamin C, azelaic acid, or niacinamide into your routine since these ingredients have been shown to safely diminish hyperpigmentation on darker skin types.

Category 3: Medical & Health-Related Factors (The Hidden Causes)

9. Allergies (Allergic Shiners)

Dark circles can also be caused by allergic reactions to pollen, dust, pet dander or specific foods. An allergy triggers the body’s release of histamines that result in swelling/inflammation of the blood vessels. Also, because of the itchiness that comes along with allergies, the physical act of rubbing the eyes can cause the fragile capillaries to break which makes dark circles more visible. The term used for this phenomenon is “allergic shiners.”

Quick Tip: Identify & stay away from the triggers of your allergies. You may also consider using an over-the-counter antihistamine as relief. Applying a cold compress could help reduce swelling/inflammation.

10. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Another documented cause of dark circles under the eyes is anemia, which is a lack of healthy red blood cells. The most common type of anemia is iron deficiency. Blood with lower oxygen levels is bluer, and therefore the under-eye area appears to be more visible as the skin is thinner. Individuals with dark circles with symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, and pale skin should consult their physician.

Quick Tip: Include foods high in iron (spinach, lentils, and red meat) in your diet to help increase your iron levels. A doctor can confirm you have anemia by doing a simple blood test and may suggest iron supplements if necessary.

11. Medical Conditions

Various health conditions can lead to dark circles. Hypothyroidism is an example of a health issue that can lead to swelling of the body (edema) and can lead to swelling around the eyes, creating shadow effects. These swelling issues can also cause dark circles under the eyes. Similarly, kidney or liver issues can also cause skin changes on the face and underneath the eyes.

Quick Tip: If you experience sudden, severe dark circles or if these issues occur with other physical symptoms, you need to see a physician.

12. Rubbing Your Eyes Excessively

The skin around your eyes is very sensitive. Excessive eye rubbing caused by allergies, dryness or fatigue can lead to trauma on the skin (physically). The pressure from your finger or hand rubbing your eyes could break the small capillaries beneath your skin. This leads to blood leaking from the tiny blood vessels and then makes it look different (discolored). This reason for dark circles can be completely avoidable.

Quick Tip: Pay attention to this habit. If you have itchy eyes, apply cooling packs or lubricating drops rather than rubbing your eyes.

Quick Guide to Get Rid of Dark Circles for Every Cause

1. Effective Home Remedies for Dark Circles

For mild cases, these home remedies for dark circles can provide relief and improvement.

Cold Compress: Try applying a cold compress (e.g., a chill cloth, bag of frozen peas, or chilled spoons) to your eyes for 10-15 minutes. This can help constrict blood vessels, leading to decreased swelling and less discoloration.

Cucumber Slices & Rose Water: Cucumbers cool the skin and help lighten dark circles (by limiting melanin), while rose water is also cooling on the skin. Place cucumber slices over your closed eyes for about 10 minutes. You can also soak cotton balls in rose water and place them over your closed eyes for 10 minutes.

Potato Juice: Potatoes have natural bleaching properties (enzyme responsible—catecholase). To use potatoes as a remedy, grate them and use the grated potato, or their juice, to lighten dark pigmentation.

Turmeric & Milk Paste: A traditional Indian home remedy for dark circles is to mix equal parts turmeric and milk to form a paste. Turmeric is known as a strong anti-inflammatory. Mix one teaspoon of turmeric powder with a tablespoon of milk, apply to your dark circles, let sit for 5 to 10 minutes and then rinse off.

Tea Bags (Chamomile/Green Tea): After using tea bags, such as chamomile or green tea, place the bags in the refrigerator for 20-30 minutes. Once cooled, place the tea bags on your closed eyelids. The caffeine and antioxidants in the tea will help constrict the blood vessels and reduce swelling.

Related: Top 13 Tips to Get Clear Skin

2. Over-the-Counter Solutions

When you want to find an eye cream, try looking for eye creams that contain the following scientifically demonstrated ingredients:

Retinol (Vitamin A): Retinol, a form of Vitamin A, is an incredible base of power. It helps to speed up the turnover of cells, stimulates collagen production, which causes the skin under the eyes to become thicker, and causes the blood vessels unnoticeable.

Vitamin C: Vitamin C has a great deal of benefits. It can brighten your complexion and is able to get rid of free radical damage. This ingredient is also able to stop the production of melanin, making it a great option for dark circles with pigmentation.

Niacinamide (Vitamin B3): Niacinamide has the ability to create an improved barrier to the skin, reducing the occurrence of inflammation. It has also been well researched and has been shown to be successful in the reduction of hyperpigmentation.

Hyaluronic Acid: This is a humectant that retains moisture within the skin, thus helping to plump the skin. By contributing to the reduction of fine lines and hollows in the skin beneath the eyes, hyaluronic acid can reduce the effect of shadows.

3. Professional Treatments—When to See a Doctor

If dark circles continue to exist even if you have tried home remedies or topical products, you should see a dermatologist for assistance. A dermatologist can provide you with professional treatment of dark circles.

Chemical Peels: A chemical peel involves using an exfoliating solution to remove the uppermost layer of dead skin cells, revealing new, bright, unpigmented skin. This treatment is particularly effective for hyperpigmentation.

Laser Therapy: There are many types of lasers that can be used to target specific problems. A vascular laser can be utilized to shrink unwanted blood vessels, while a fractional laser can stimulate collagen production to tighten the skin.

Dermal Fillers: Injectable fillers containing hyaluronic acid are the gold standard for treating dark circles caused by tear troughs (shadows). Your dermatologist will use this product to fill the area, which will instantly lessen the shadow and create a smoother transition between the under-eye and the cheek.

Top Under Eye Creams for Dark Circles

Check out the complete review “15 Best Under Eye Creams for Dark Circles: Dermatologist-Approved“

Conclusions

The causes of dark circles are many and often correlated to one another. It is important to know and understand the cause, as only then will you be able to choose the best course of treatment. If you are consistent and take an integrated approach of healthy lifestyle habits or using the best products, you will improve the appearance of the skin greatly.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can dark circles be a sign of a vitamin deficiency?

Yes, dark circles can be a sign that you lack certain vitamins. As stated before, one of the most common is iron deficiency anemia; however, it has also been reported that deficiencies in vitamin K and vitamin B12 can also lead to dark circles. These vitamins help to regulate blood flow and keep the skin looking healthy. If you think you may have a vitamin deficiency, you can check this by getting a blood test done.

Are dark circles permanent?

It all depends on the cause. If your dark circles are mainly from poor sleep habits or dehydration, then generally they won’t last long, and with some change in your habits, they should resolve over time. Whereas if your dark circles are due to family genetics, facial bone structure, or being older, then they are likely to persist for a very long time.

Does drinking water reduce dark circles?

There is a good chance if you are suffering from dark circles caused by lack of water. Proper hydration ensures your skin cells are plump and full, which reduces the sunken, hollow appearance that creates shadows. However, if your dark circles are a result of pigmentation, genetics, or bone structure, then drinking more fluid by itself will not eliminate them.

Can stress cause dark circles?

Yes, it could indirectly be a contributing factor to dark circles. Stress has been identified as one of the reasons for developing dark circles, as it can negatively affect your body and your sleep cycles. Hormonal changes can also occur due to high levels of stress, which may contribute to changes in your skin’s appearance and increased fluid retention.

Scholarly References

Sardesai, V. R., & Kroumpouzos, G. (2018). Periorbital hyperpigmentation: a review of etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 11(8), 29–36. Link to Article
Freitag, F. M., & Cestari, T. F. (2011). What causes dark circles under the eyes? A review of its pathophysiology and safe treatment options. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 86(3), 509–515. Link to Article
Roh, M. R., & Chung, K. Y. (2009). Infraorbital dark circles: a review of their pathophysiology and safe treatment options. Dermatologic Surgery, 35(8), 1193–1202. Link to Article
Mayoclinic. (2023). Dark circles under eyes: Causes. Mayo Clinic. Link to Article
Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Dark Circles Under Your Eyes. Cleveland Clinic. Link to Article

Disclaimer: The health information provided on this page is intended to be for informational and educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for medical advice or treatment.